ADR: bilingual structure — EN canonical in adr/, KO mirror in adr-ko/

Establish English as the canonical ADR language with Korean translations
held in a parallel docs/adr-ko/ tree as derived artifacts (1:1 mirror).
Promotion from adr-proposed/ to adr/ now writes English to adr/ and the
Korean to adr-ko/; bidirectional sync rule documented in CLAUDE.md.

- Migrate 30 ADRs in docs/adr/: 28 Korean-only translated to English,
  2 bilingual pairs (ADR-0020, ADR-0023) consolidated (.en.md suffix
  dropped). ADR-0023 EN regenerated against KO source which had newer
  HW Realization Notes (D16-D23) section.
- docs/adr-history/ left frozen by design (transitional state).
- CLAUDE.md (Part 2): update ADR Lifecycle for 4-folder layout, mark
  docs/adr-ko/ as a Derived Artifact, add ADR Translation Discipline
  section covering bidirectional sync, conflict resolution (EN wins),
  and proposed-language freedom.
- tools/verify_adr_lang_pairs.py: new verification tool checking pair
  completeness, filename mirroring, ADR-ID match, Status byte-equality.
  Pre-commit hook intentionally not added; run on demand or in CI.
- tests/test_verify_adr_lang_pairs.py: 11 cases including CRLF/LF
  normalization, em-dash title separator, underscore-slug edge case.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

docs/adr/ADR-0026-par-dppolicy-intra-device.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# ADR-0026: DPPolicy = Intra-Device Only — sip/num_sips 필드 제거
+# ADR-0026: DPPolicy = Intra-Device Only — remove sip/num_sips fields
 
 ## Status
 
@@ -6,16 +6,17 @@ Accepted (Revision 5 — Phase 2 landed 2026-04-14, 523 passed + 1 strict xfail)
 
 ## Context
 
-### 목표
+### Goal
 
-`DPPolicy`를 **한 device(SIP) 내부의 cube × PE 분산**만 표현하는 순수한
-intra-device 추상화로 명확화한다. SIP 간 분산(TP)은 별도 레이어로 분리
-(ADR-0024의 `torch.ahbm.set_device(rank)` 또는 ADR-0027의 Megatron parallel
-layers가 담당).
+Clarify `DPPolicy` as a pure intra-device abstraction that only expresses
+**cube × PE distribution within a single device (SIP)**. Inter-SIP
+distribution (TP) is split into a separate layer (handled by ADR-0024's
+`torch.ahbm.set_device(rank)` or by ADR-0027's Megatron-style parallel
+layers).
 
 ## Decision
 
-### D1. `DPPolicy`에서 `sip` + `num_sips` 필드 제거
+### D1. Remove `sip` + `num_sips` fields from `DPPolicy`
 
 ```python
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -32,15 +33,16 @@ class DPPolicy:
     num_cubes: int | None = None
 ```
 
-제거되는 필드: `sip`, `num_sips`.
+Removed fields: `sip`, `num_sips`.
 
-### D2. `ShardSpec` — structural (sip, cube, pe) 좌표, `pe_index` 완전 제거
+### D2. `ShardSpec` — structural (sip, cube, pe) coordinates, `pe_index` fully removed
 
-현재 `ShardSpec.pe_index`는 **global flat index** (`sip × cubes × pes + cube ×
-pes + pe`). 이는 ADR-0024 D4이 "abstraction leakage"로 지적한 형태.
+The current `ShardSpec.pe_index` is a **global flat index**
+(`sip × cubes × pes + cube × pes + pe`). This is the form ADR-0024 D4
+flagged as "abstraction leakage".
 
-본 ADR에서 ShardSpec을 **structural 좌표로 재정의**하고, `pe_index`는
-property로도 **남기지 않는다**:
+This ADR **redefines ShardSpec in structural coordinates** and **does
+not even leave `pe_index` as a property**:
 
 ```python
 # src/kernbench/policy/placement/dp.py (after)
@@ -59,28 +61,32 @@ class ShardSpec:
     nbytes: int
 ```
 
-**핵심 원칙**:
-- ShardSpec의 정체성은 `(sip, cube, pe)` 3튜플.
-- **`pe_index` property도 없음** — silent semantics drift 차단.
-- Global flat을 기대한 기존 호출자는 `.pe_index` 접근 시 **즉시
-  `AttributeError`** → 반드시 구조적 좌표로 migration.
-- Flat integer key가 필요한 국소 문맥 (예: 내부 dict lookup)은 호출자가
-  명시적으로 `spec.sip * N_CUBES * N_PE + spec.cube * N_PE + spec.pe`를 계산.
+**Core principle**:
+- The identity of ShardSpec is the `(sip, cube, pe)` 3-tuple.
+- **No `pe_index` property either** — blocks silent semantics drift.
+- Existing callers expecting global-flat get an **immediate
+  `AttributeError`** on `.pe_index` access → forced migration to
+  structural coordinates.
+- Local contexts that genuinely need a flat integer key (e.g. internal
+  dict lookup) explicitly compute
+  `spec.sip * N_CUBES * N_PE + spec.cube * N_PE + spec.pe` at the call
+  site.
 
-**Property 제거 정당화**: KernBench는 사내 프로젝트로 call site가 한정되어
-있음. Silent drift 위험 (의미만 바뀌고 타입은 같은 int) 대비 explicit breakage
-(AttributeError)가 훨씬 안전.
+**Justification for removing the property**: KernBench is an internal
+project with a limited number of call sites. Explicit breakage
+(AttributeError) is much safer than the risk of silent drift (semantics
+change while the type stays int).
 
-### D3. `resolve_dp_policy`가 `target_sip`을 받아 structural 좌표 생성
+### D3. `resolve_dp_policy` takes `target_sip` and produces structural coordinates
 
-ADR-0024 D4의 계약 구현. Post-hoc shifting 없음.
+Implements the contract of ADR-0024 D4. No post-hoc shifting.
 
 ```python
 # src/kernbench/policy/placement/dp.py (after)
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class _LocalPeShard:
-    """Internal — PE resolver의 반환. Cube 내 local PE 식별자 + payload."""
+    """Internal — return value of the PE resolver. Cube-local PE id + payload."""
     local_pe: int                  # cube-local PE index (0..num_pe-1)
     offset_bytes: int
     nbytes: int
@@ -93,7 +99,7 @@ def resolve_dp_policy(
     itemsize: int,
     num_pe: int,
     num_cubes: int = 1,
-    target_sip: int,       # NEW — 어느 SIP에 배치할지 명시
+    target_sip: int,       # NEW — explicitly state which SIP to place on
 ) -> list[ShardSpec]:
     """2-level resolution (cube × PE) on a specified SIP.
 
@@ -123,28 +129,30 @@ def resolve_dp_policy(
     return all_shards
 ```
 
-**내부 resolver** (`column_wise`, `row_wise`, `replicate`)는 `_LocalPeShard`
-리스트 반환 — `local_pe` 필드명으로 **"cube-local PE identifier"임이 명시적**.
-과거 `ShardSpec.pe_index`와 이름이 혼동되던 문제 해소.
+**Internal resolvers** (`column_wise`, `row_wise`, `replicate`) return a
+list of `_LocalPeShard` — the `local_pe` field name makes it **explicit
+that this is a "cube-local PE identifier"**. This resolves the previous
+confusion with the name `ShardSpec.pe_index`.
 
-**이름 규약 정리** (전체 ADR):
-- `ShardSpec.pe`: 최종 외부 API — cube-local PE (structural coord)
-- `_LocalPeShard.local_pe`: 내부 resolver 단계의 동일 의미
-- `pe_index`: **제거**. 외부/내부 어디에도 남기지 않는다 (silent drift 차단의
-  부가 효과: 이름 재등장 없음).
+**Naming convention summary** (whole ADR):
+- `ShardSpec.pe`: the final external API — cube-local PE (structural coord)
+- `_LocalPeShard.local_pe`: the same meaning at the internal resolver stage
+- `pe_index`: **removed**. Not retained anywhere, internal or external
+  (additional benefit of preventing silent drift: the name does not
+  reappear).
 
-### D4. `_create_tensor` — 구조적 좌표로 직접 placement
+### D4. `_create_tensor` — placement directly in structural coordinates
 
-ADR-0024 D4 연속선. Post-hoc shifting 제거, 구조적 좌표를 `resolve_dp_policy`
-호출 시점에 직접 지정.
+Continuation of ADR-0024 D4. Post-hoc shifting removed; structural
+coordinates are specified directly at the `resolve_dp_policy` call site.
 
 ```python
 # context.py _create_tensor (after)
 current_sip = self.ahbm.current_device()
 if current_sip is None:
-    # Single-driver fallback (ADR-0024 D2와 일관).
-    # Launcher 기반 코드가 set_device()를 빼먹으면 조용히 SIP 0에 박히는
-    # 문제가 있음 → debug mode에서 경고.
+    # Single-driver fallback (consistent with ADR-0024 D2).
+    # In launcher-based code, forgetting set_device() silently sticks the
+    # tensor on SIP 0 — emit a warning in debug mode.
     if os.environ.get("KERNBENCH_DEBUG"):
         import warnings
         warnings.warn(
@@ -161,38 +169,39 @@ placement = resolve_dp_policy(
     itemsize=itemsize,
     num_pe=eff_num_pe,
     num_cubes=eff_num_cubes,
-    target_sip=current_sip,          # ← 구조적 좌표 일차 지정
+    target_sip=current_sip,          # ← structural coord specified up front
 )
 
-# placement의 각 ShardSpec은 이미 (sip=current_sip, cube=local, pe=local) 포함.
-# 과거의 post-hoc shifting 블록은 완전히 제거.
+# Each ShardSpec in placement already carries (sip=current_sip, cube=local, pe=local).
+# The old post-hoc shifting block is removed entirely.
 ```
 
-**모든** 텐서가 current device SIP에 배치됨. Multi-SIP 텐서를 만들고 싶으면
-ADR-0027의 TP primitive 사용.
+**Every** tensor is placed on the current device's SIP. If you need a
+multi-SIP tensor, use the TP primitive of ADR-0027.
 
-**Single-driver fallback의 trade-off**: set_device 없는 호출에서 SIP 0으로
-default는 기존 single-driver 테스트 호환을 위해 유지. `KERNBENCH_DEBUG=1`
-환경에서는 launcher 컨텍스트의 실수로 set_device 누락 시 조용히 잘못된 SIP에
-배치되는 것을 감지할 수 있도록 warning.
+**Trade-off of the single-driver fallback**: When set_device is not
+called, defaulting to SIP 0 is kept for compatibility with existing
+single-driver tests. With `KERNBENCH_DEBUG=1`, a warning is emitted so
+that accidentally omitting set_device in a launcher context — which would
+silently place the tensor on the wrong SIP — can be detected.
 
-### D5. Downstream — allocator lookup은 구조적 tuple key로
+### D5. Downstream — allocator lookup by structural tuple key
 
-기존 `deploy_tensor` (`src/kernbench/runtime_api/tensor.py`):
+Existing `deploy_tensor` (`src/kernbench/runtime_api/tensor.py`):
 
 ```python
 for spec in placement:
-    alloc = allocators[spec.pe_index]       # ← AttributeError (property 제거됨)
+    alloc = allocators[spec.pe_index]       # ← AttributeError (property removed)
 ```
 
-`pe_index`가 없어졌으므로 구조적 좌표로 **강제** migration:
+With `pe_index` gone, migration to structural coordinates is **forced**:
 
 ```python
 for spec in placement:
     alloc = allocators[(spec.sip, spec.cube, spec.pe)]
 ```
 
-`_ensure_allocators`의 dict population도 tuple key로:
+The dict population in `_ensure_allocators` is also tuple-keyed:
 
 ```python
 # context.py _ensure_allocators (after)
@@ -204,59 +213,71 @@ for sip_id in sip_range:
             )
 ```
 
-`_free_tensor`도 동일: 기존 `flat_idx = sip * ... + cube * ... + pe` 계산
-블록 제거, `(shard.sip, shard.cube, shard.pe)` 직접 사용.
+`_free_tensor` is the same: the old
+`flat_idx = sip * ... + cube * ... + pe` computation block is removed,
+and `(shard.sip, shard.cube, shard.pe)` is used directly.
 
-**Tuple vs dataclass `PEIdentity`**: Tuple이 단순하고 hashable로 바로 써서
-권고. `PEIdentity` 값객체는 명시적 타입 장점은 있지만 boilerplate가 크고 현재
-allocator dict의 유일한 key라 오버엔지니어링. Tuple 유지.
+**Tuple vs dataclass `PEIdentity`**: Recommend the tuple — it is simple
+and hashable out of the box. A `PEIdentity` value object has the upside
+of an explicit type, but the boilerplate is large and it is currently
+the only key of the allocator dict, so it would be over-engineering.
+Keep the tuple.
 
-### D7. 하위 호환 — 불가 (cleanup ADR)
+### D7. Backward compatibility — none (cleanup ADR)
 
-이 ADR은 **breaking change**.
+This ADR is a **breaking change**.
 
-1. `DPPolicy(sip=...)` 또는 `DPPolicy(num_sips=...)` 호출 → `TypeError`
-2. `ShardSpec.pe_index` 접근 → `AttributeError`
+1. `DPPolicy(sip=...)` or `DPPolicy(num_sips=...)` → `TypeError`
+2. `ShardSpec.pe_index` access → `AttributeError`
 
-모두 **즉시 명시적 breakage**. Deprecation warning / fallback 경로 없음.
-KernBench는 사내 프로젝트로 call site가 한정되어 있어 한 번에 migration.
+Both are **immediate, explicit breakage**. No deprecation warning /
+fallback path. KernBench is an internal project with a bounded set of
+call sites, so migration happens in one pass.
 
-**Silent drift 차단**이 property 완전 제거의 주된 이점: global flat을 기대한
-코드가 SIP-local 결과를 받아 조용히 잘못된 인덱싱을 할 가능성 제거.
+**Blocking silent drift** is the main upside of fully removing the
+property: code that expected a global flat could otherwise silently
+receive a SIP-local result and index incorrectly — that possibility is
+eliminated.
 
 ## Dependencies
 
-- **ADR-0024** (launcher): `set_device(rank)` 및 current-device scoping이
-  SIP 배치 메커니즘 제공. 본 ADR은 그 위에 서서 DPPolicy를 순수 intra-device로
-  좁힘.
-- **ADR-0027** (Megatron TP): 다중 SIP에 걸친 텐서가 필요한 경우의 대안 경로.
-  이 ADR 적용 후 multi-SIP use case는 ADR-0027로 이관.
+- **ADR-0024** (launcher): `set_device(rank)` and current-device scoping
+  provide the SIP placement mechanism. This ADR sits on top and narrows
+  DPPolicy to pure intra-device.
+- **ADR-0027** (Megatron TP): the alternative path when a tensor spans
+  multiple SIPs. After this ADR is applied, multi-SIP use cases move to
+  ADR-0027.
 
 ---
 
 ## Non-goals
 
-- **`DPPolicy.cube` / `pe` 재설계**: 기존 replicate/column_wise/row_wise 의미
-  유지.
-- **Tiling 정책 통합**: `tiled_column_major` / `tiled_row_major`는 그대로.
-- **Multi-device 텐서 추상화 신규**: DTensor-like는 ADR-0028.
+- **Redesign of `DPPolicy.cube` / `pe`**: existing
+  replicate/column_wise/row_wise semantics are kept.
+- **Tiling policy consolidation**: `tiled_column_major` /
+  `tiled_row_major` stay as they are.
+- **New multi-device tensor abstraction**: a DTensor-like is ADR-0028.
 
 ---
 
 ## Open questions
 
-- **`_create_tensor`의 current_sip 기본값**: set_device 없는 호출에서 rank=0
-  (SIP 0)로 fallback할지, 아니면 error 낼지. 권고는 fallback (기존 single-driver
-  테스트와의 호환).
-- **`test_sip_parallel.py` 재작성 범위**: 기존 단위 테스트의 의도를 유지하며
-  launcher 기반으로 옮기려면 추가 fixture 필요. 별도 작업으로 scope.
-- **`DPPolicy`의 `num_sips=None` 의미**: 필드가 없어지면 `num_sips` 개념 자체가
-  사라짐. Multi-SIP을 표현하고 싶으면 ADR-0027의 TP primitive를 쓰라는 것이
-  명시적 답.
+- **Default value of current_sip in `_create_tensor`**: for calls without
+  set_device, whether to fall back to rank=0 (SIP 0) or to raise an
+  error. The recommendation is fallback (compatibility with existing
+  single-driver tests).
+- **Scope of `test_sip_parallel.py` rewrite**: porting the existing unit
+  tests to the launcher base while preserving their intent requires
+  additional fixtures. Scoped as separate work.
+- **Meaning of `num_sips=None` on `DPPolicy`**: once the field is gone,
+  the concept of `num_sips` disappears entirely. The explicit answer for
+  expressing multi-SIP is to use the TP primitive of ADR-0027.
 
-**Resolved (이전 rev에서 open이었던 것들)**:
-- ~~`ShardSpec.pe_index` property 존치 여부~~ → **완전 제거** (D2)
-- ~~`_ensure_allocators` dict key 형식~~ → **tuple `(sip, cube, pe)`** (D5)
+**Resolved (items that were open in earlier revs)**:
+- ~~Whether to keep the `ShardSpec.pe_index` property~~ → **fully
+  removed** (D2)
+- ~~Form of `_ensure_allocators` dict key~~ → **tuple `(sip, cube, pe)`**
+  (D5)
 
 ---
 
@@ -264,25 +285,31 @@ KernBench는 사내 프로젝트로 call site가 한정되어 있어 한 번에
 
 ### Positive
 
-- **개념 분리 명확**: DPPolicy = intra-device, TP = inter-device.
-- **API 단순화**: DPPolicy 생성자 필드 ~33% 축소.
-- **Structural 좌표 일관성**: ShardSpec이 `(sip, cube, pe)` 튜플로 표현 →
-  abstraction leakage 해소 (ADR-0024 D4 계약 충족).
-- **`pe_index` 의미 명확**: SIP-local이 단일 해석. Global flat이 필요하면 명시.
-- **Launcher 모델 일관성**: ADR-0024의 "1 worker per SIP" 모델이 유일한 SIP
-  경계 제어 메커니즘.
+- **Clean conceptual separation**: DPPolicy = intra-device, TP =
+  inter-device.
+- **API simplification**: about a 33% reduction in DPPolicy constructor
+  fields.
+- **Structural-coordinate consistency**: ShardSpec is expressed as a
+  `(sip, cube, pe)` tuple → abstraction leakage resolved (the ADR-0024
+  D4 contract is satisfied).
+- **Clear meaning of `pe_index`**: the single interpretation is
+  SIP-local. If global-flat is needed, it must be made explicit.
+- **Launcher-model consistency**: ADR-0024's "1 worker per SIP" model is
+  the sole SIP-boundary control mechanism.
 
 ### Negative
 
 - **Breaking change (explicit)**: `DPPolicy(sip=...)` → `TypeError`,
-  `spec.pe_index` → `AttributeError`. 모든 호출자 한 번에 수정 필요.
-- **ShardSpec schema 변경**: `pe_index` 단일 필드 → `sip`/`cube`/`pe` 세 필드.
-  Downstream (`deploy_tensor`, `_free_tensor`, `_ensure_allocators`,
-  `allocators` dict key 등) 연쇄 수정.
-- **Silent drift 없음**: property 완전 제거로 runtime에서 즉시 실패 →
-  migration leakage 원천 차단. (Negative가 아니라 explicit tradeoff)
-- `test_sip_parallel.py` 재작성 비용.
+  `spec.pe_index` → `AttributeError`. All callers need to be fixed at
+  once.
+- **ShardSpec schema change**: a single `pe_index` field becomes three
+  fields `sip`/`cube`/`pe`. Cascading edits downstream (`deploy_tensor`,
+  `_free_tensor`, `_ensure_allocators`, `allocators` dict key, etc.).
+- **No silent drift**: with the property fully removed, runtime failure
+  is immediate → migration leakage is blocked at the source. (Not a
+  negative but an explicit tradeoff.)
+- The cost of rewriting `test_sip_parallel.py`.
 
 ### Neutral
 
-- 기존 `cube` / `pe` 필드 의미 불변.
+- The meaning of the existing `cube` / `pe` fields is unchanged.